Atopic dermatitis (AD), also known as atopic eczema, is a chronic, pruritic, relapsing inflammatory dermatological condition. The condition usually begins during early infancy and childhood, but can persist into, or start during, adulthood. AD usually fluctuates between periods of relative flares and quiescence; however, some individuals have chronically active disease. The exact cause of the disease is unknown; however, certain factors such as epigenetic, genetic, immunological, and environmental interactions with overlapping skin barrier defects are indicated in its pathogenesis. The disease significantly affects the quality of life of the patient and their family, which further causes serious socioeconomic consequences. An imbalance of the Th22 and Th2 cytokines which causes the disruption of keratinocytes is thought to be an important contributing factor that drives AD pathogenesis. Furthermore, impaired skin barrier function due to mutations in the epidermal barrier protein, filaggrin, could also play a crucial role in the development of AD by increasing the penetration of microbes and allergens.

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