Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), also known as acute lymphocytic leukemia, is a rare blood cancer characterized by rapid proliferation and accumulation of immature lymphoid cells in the bone marrow, peripheral blood, and other organs. These cells are dysfunctional and their accumulation can impede the production and function of healthy blood cells, causing issues such as anemia (low red blood cell count), thrombocytopenia (low platelet count), or leukopenia (low white blood cell count). These leukemia cells can also spread within the lymph system to lymph nodes and the spleen, as well as to other sites such as the liver, brain, spine, and testicles (in males). Due to the quick progression of leukemia cells, without treatment, ALL can cause death within weeks or months. It is the most common form of leukemia diagnosed in children; however, the disease can also occur in adults. ALL is believed to be caused primarily by chromosomal aberrations, as mutations are commonly observed in ALL patients. Among several types of chromosomal mutations, DNA translocation is the most common form that causes leukemia. The Philadelphia (Ph) chromosome, which is the result of DNA exchange between chromosome 9 and chromosome 22 [t(9;22)], is the most commonly observed translocation in ALL patients. These mutations may be spontaneous or caused by external factors such as cancer-inducing chemicals or radiation exposure. 

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