Human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2), programmed cell death receptor 1 (PD-1), and receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) are the most common molecular targets for both branded and pipeline drugs. However, the treatment landscape remains dominated by non-targeted chemotherapies, with most targeted agents confined to one or two treatment settings, where they are typically administered alongside chemotherapy. 

No targeted therapies exist for locoregional disease, although various PD-1 inhibitors are under investigation.