Epilepsy is characterized by recurrent, unprovoked seizures. A seizure occurs when the normal pattern of neuronal activity is disturbed, defined by the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke as causing "strange sensations, emotions, and behavior or sometimes convulsions, muscle spasms, and loss of consciousness." There are many possible causes of epilepsy including cerebrovascular disease, brain injury, abnormal brain development, central nervous system infection, tumors, and genetic factors.

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